Uploading File

Learning through YouTube

J. Jacob Jenkins , Patrick J. Dillon , in The Plugged-In Professor, 2013

Prerequisite skills and knowledge

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Basic computer skills (eastward.g., Cyberspace navigation, file uploading, etc.).

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Bones video-recording skills (due east.g., admission to a video recorder, use of zoom, lighting, etc.). While about students can be expected to know how to exercise basic video recording using a video recorder, smartphone, or digital camera, instructors will demand to assess a student's competency before the project begins, and, if necessary, provide basic education to novice students.

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Optional video-editing skills (east.one thousand., training/experience with videoediting software) (see "Required resources" for online tutorials on video editing).

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System Exploitation

Aditya Thousand Sood , Richard Enbody , in Targeted Cyber Attacks, 2014

four.6.ane Compromising a Web Site/Domain

The first stride in drive-by download assault is to compromise a web site or to command a domain so that the attacker tin can install exploitation framework on it. As described in last chapter, the users have to visit the compromised spider web site in order to get infected. Since the Www (WWW) is interconnected and resource and content are shared across dissimilar web sites, attackers tin follow dissimilar methods to compromise domains/web sites.

•

Exploiting web vulnerabilities: An aggressor can exploit vulnerabilities in a web site to proceeds the power to perform remote command execution and then a BEP can exist installed or redirection code can be injected. Useful vulnerabilities include Cross-site Scripting (XSS), SQL injections, file uploading, Cross-site File Uploading (CSFU), and others. The assault scenarios are explained below:

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XSS allows the attacker to inject scripts from tertiary-political party domains. This set on is broadly classified equally reflective and persistent. There also exists another XSS variant which is Certificate Object Model (DOM) based. In this, the XSS payload is executed by manipulating the DOM surround. DOM-based XSS is out of scope in the context of ongoing discussion. We continue with the other two variants. Reflective XSS injections execute the scripts from third-political party domains when a user opens an embedded link in the browser. Reflective XSS payloads can be distributed via email or any communication machinery where messages are exchanged. These attacks are considered to be nonpersistent in nature. Persistent XSS is considered as more destructive considering XSS payloads are stored in the awarding (or databases) and execute every time the user opens the awarding in the browser. Persistent XSS attacks can also be tied with SQL injections to launch hybrid attacks.

•

SQL injections enable the attackers to modify databases on the fly. It means SQL injections facilitate attackers to inject malicious code in the databases that is persistent. Once the malicious lawmaking is stored in the databases, the application retrieves the code every time it dynamically queries the compromised database. For example, encoded iframe payloads tin can easily be uploaded in the databases by but executing an "INSERT" query. Compromised databases treat the malicious lawmaking as raw code, but when an application retrieves information technology in the browser, it gets executed and downloads malware on the end-user system.

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CSFU allows the assaulter to upload files on behalf of active users without their knowledge. Exploitation of these vulnerabilities allows attackers to inject illegitimate content (HTML/JS) that is used for initiating the bulldoze-by download attacks. Even the existence of unproblematic file uploading vulnerabities has severe impacts. If the applications or web sites are vulnerable to these attacks, the attackers can easily upload remote management shells such as c99 (PHP) [33] to take control of the compromised account on the server which somewhen results in managing the virtual hosts. Basically, c99 beat is too treated as backdoor which is uploaded on web servers to gain consummate access.

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Compromising hosting servers: Attackers can straight command the hosting servers by exploiting vulnerabilities in the hosting software. Shared hosting is also chosen "Virtual Hosting" [34] in which multiple hosts are present on the same server sharing the aforementioned IP addresses that map to unlike domain names by but creating the virtual entries in the configuration file of web servers. Virtual hosting is different than dedicated hosting considering the latter has only a single domain name configured for a defended IP address. Shared hosting is a popular target because exploitation of vulnerability in one host on the server could impact the state of an unabridged cluster. For instance, there are toolsets available chosen "automated iframe injectors" in the underground market that allow the attackers to inject all the potential virtual hosts with arbitrary code such as malicious iframes (inline frames that load malicious HTML document that loads malware). Think almost the fact that vulnerability nowadays in ane host (web site) can seriously impact the security posture of other hosts present on the server. There are many ways to compromise hosting servers:

•

The assailant tin can upload a remote management shell onto a hosting server to control the server which can be used to infect the hosts with BEPs.

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The assailant tin compromise a help-support application which has a wealth of information virtually the tickets raised by the users. This data tin can be mined for clues nigh potential vulnerabilities.

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The aggressor tin use credentials stolen from infected machines beyond the Internet to proceeds access to servers and web sites. For case, if a user logins into his/her FTP/SSH account on the hosting server, the malware tin can steal that information and transmit it to the Command and Control (C&C) server managed by the assailant. In this way, the attacker tin take command of the hosting server from anywhere on the Internet. Because the mass infection process, the attackers demand to inject a large set of target hosts for which the complete process is required to be automatic. For example, the attackers automate the process of injecting hosts (virtual directories) through FTP access (stolen earlier) by iterating over the directories nowadays in the users' accounts. In this way, a large number of hosts can be infected equally attackers perform less transmission labor.

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Infecting Content Commitment Networks: Co-opting a Content Delivery Networks (CDN) is especially useful because these networks deliver content to a large number of web sites beyond the Net. One use of CDNs is the delivery of ads so a malicious advertisement (malvertisement) tin can be distributed via CDN. Alternatively, an aggressor tin can modify the JavaScript that a site is using to interact with a CDN opening a pathway into the CDN. Since a number of legitimate companies such equally security companies' explicitly harness the functionality of CDN they may be vulnerable to infections. A number of cases take been observed in the wild in which webpages utilizing the functionality of CDNs accept been infected [35].

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Basic TCP/IP Networking Commands

In How to Cheat at Windows System Administration Using Command Line Scripts, 2006

Commands for Remote Computers

Network administration is not only about figuring out what is wrong with your network connectivity; information technology is also nearly using commands to communicate with remote computers. Bones functions such every bit transferring files from 1 figurer to another using the standard File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), and Remote Copy Protocol (RCP) are sometimes extremely important when trying to accomplish a task. More advanced functions, such every bit executing commands on remote computers, can be lifesavers when you need to perform simple tasks and creating a full remote session would be overkill.

FTP

The FTP utility provides client admission to remote FTP servers to transfer files over FTP. Files tin can be transmitted or received in either text (ASCII) or binary manner. The syntax of this control is:

Table 12.15 lists the different parameters of the FTP command.

Tabular array 12.fifteen. Parameters of the FTP Control

Argument Description
-v Suppresses server responses.
-d Enables debugging. Displays all messages sent between the server and customer.
-i Disables interactive prompting.
-n Suppresses the ability to log on automatically when the initial connection is made.
-g Disables file globbing. Glob permits the use of wildcards.
-due south: FileName FileName specifies a script file containing FTP commands to execute.
-a Specifies that whatever local interface tin be used.
-w: WindowSize Specifies the size of the transfer buffer. The default size is 4096.
-A Logs into the ftp server anonymously.
Host The remote FTP server to which to connect.

When connecting to an FTP server, y'all will be prompted to cosign before being granted access. Public FTP sites allow anonymous FTP admission. To log on anonymously, you can specify the –A switch or you can log on as shown in the post-obit example:

When this control is executed, the output is displayed as follows:

One time you lot're logged on, you can perform several functions, such as getting directory listings, navigating the directory tree, and of course, downloading and uploading files. Table 12.16 explains different FTP commands available in Microsoft's implementation in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. It is important to note that different operating systems support different FTP commands, and the commands discussed in this section may non be available in some other operating systems.

Table 12.xvi. FTP Commands Bachelor in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003

Command Description
! Repeats last command.
append LocalFile [RemoteFile] Appends the local file to the file on the remote server.
Ascii Sets the connectedness to transmit in ASCII format.
Bell Sounds the computer tone when a file transfer is completed.
binary | bin Sets the file transfer format to binary.
Goodbye Disconnects from the server and exits FTP.
cd [Path] Changes the directory to the given path. If executed without any parameters, prints the electric current working directory.
Close Closes the connection simply does not get out the FTP client.
Debug Toggles the debug mode.
delete RemoteFile Deletes the remote file.
Dir Prints a directory listing of the current working directory.
Disconnect Disconnects from the remote server.
get [FileName] Starts downloading the given file.
Glob Toggles globbing (the use of wildcards).
Hash Prints a hash character (#) for every 1,024 bytes.
Help Prints help.
Lcd Changes the directory on the local calculator.
literal Statement Sends a literal (raw) control to the FTP server.
Ls Performs a directory listing.
mdelete [Files] Deletes multiple files as per the pattern or file list provided.
mget [Files] Downloads multiple files as per the pattern or file list provided.
mkdir [Directory] Creates a directory.
mput [Files] Uploads multiple files as per the pattern or file listing provided.
put [File] Uploads the given file.
Quit Disconnects and exits FTP.

TFTP

You use the TFTP control to transfer files to and from a remote computer that is running the TFTP service. The syntax of this control is:

In principle, the TFTP command works in a similar way as the FTP command. Unlike the FTP command, nonetheless, the TFTP command does non support an extensive listing of features; thus, the apply of the give-and-take Trivial in its proper noun. Yous can upload and download commands via the command line when executing this command. Table 12.17 lists different parameters that you lot can use with the TFTP command.

Table 12.17. Parameters of the TFTP Command

Parameter Description
-i Specifies binary paradigm download mode. If you omit this parameter, the transfer occurs in ASCII fashion.
Host Specifies the remote estimator to which to connect.
Go Downloads the given file.
Put Uploads the given file.
Source Specifies the file to transfer.
Destination Specifies the target location of the file transferred.

RCP

Y'all use the RCP command to copy files between a client figurer and a server computer running the Remote Shell Service (RSHD) or deamon. RSHD is not bachelor on computers running Windows 2000 or Windows XP. The syntax of this command is:

Tabular array 12.18 lists parameters of the RCP command.

Table 12.18. Parameters of the RCP Command

Parameter Description
-a Specifies ASCII transfer mode.
-b Specifies binary transfer mode.
-h Specifies that some or all of the source files have the subconscious attribute set. If this is not specified, subconscious files are skipped.
-r Recursively copies files.
Host Specifies the local and/or remote host estimator.
User Specifies the username. If not provided, the electric current user is used.
Source Specifies the files to copy.
Path\Destination Specifies the path relative to the logon directory on the remote figurer.

To sympathize use of the RCP command, consider that you need to re-create a file named examination.txt from the local Windows XP estimator to a remote UNIX computer named Unix Server in the /Upload directory. The syntax of that control would be:

RSH and REXEC

You employ the RSH and REXEC commands to run commands on remote computers running the RSH (for the RSH command) or REXEC (for the REXEC command) service or daemon. These services are typically on UNIX/Linux computers and are not available on Windows 2000 or Windows XP. The syntax of these commands is:

Both of these commands have similar control-line parameters, as listed in Table 12.nineteen.

Tabular array 12.19. Parameters of the RSH and REXEC Commands

Argument Description
Host Specifies the remote host on which to execute the command.
-I Username Specifies the username to utilise on the remote computer. If omitted, the currently logged-on user is used.
-n Redirects the rsh inputs to the NUL (nothing) device. In other words, ignores the results of the command executed.
Control Specifies the command to execute on the remote computer.

To explain employ of these commands, consider that you desire to offset the Web server on a remote computer named UnixServer. You would use the following control:

LPR

You use the LPR command to send a file to a printer continued to a computer running the Line Printer Daemon (LPD) service. The syntax of this command is:

Table 12.20 lists the parameters of the LPR command.

Table 12.twenty. Parameters of the LPR Command

Parameter Clarification
-S ServerlD Specifies the remote computer name or IP accost that is running the LPD service.
-P PrinterName Specifies the name of the printer on which to print.
-C BannerContent Specifies the content of the imprint that will be printed along with the file.
-J JobName Specifies the jobname that volition be printed on the banner.
{-o | –o /} Uses –o to print a text file and –o / to print a binary file (such as a PostScript file).
-d Specifies that the data file must be sent before the control file.
-x Specifies that the LPR command must behave in a manner compatible with SunOS 4.1.4_ul.

LPQ

You utilise the LPQ command to display the status of a print queue on a computer running the LPD service. The syntax of this command is:

Table 12.21 explains the parameters used with this control.

Table 12.21. Parameters of the LPQ Command

Argument Description
-S ServerName Specifies by name the remote computer to query.
-P PrinterName Specifies by name the printer on the computer to query.
-I Specifies that status details are requested.

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Possible strategies

Ophelia Cheung , ... Susan Patrick , in New Approaches to Due east-Reserve, 2010

Interaction with It support

The it (IT) department of an academic institution unremarkably has a much larger pool of calculating expertise than the library and information technology oversees hardware, software and server maintenance. Ryerson University'southward Computing and Advice Services (CCS), which encompasses the Digital Media Projects Office, also administers Blackboard, controlling the functioning of the Blackboard course direction system, including the due east-reserves module. The DMP personnel have been providing support to the library's E-Reserve operations through overall grooming of faculty in the use of the system, assistance in designing the e-reserve interface with the CMS and communication on Blackboard admission issues in general. It cannot, however, fully comprehend the E-Reserve process outside of the arrangement or monitor closely its efficiency. A big concern arising from Ryerson'due south East-Reserve'due south increased popularity is speed. Everything seemed to be wearisome from starting the e-reserve screen in Blackboard to posting links or uploading files to Eastward-Reserve. When the result was raised at a provincial e-reserve forum, other Blackboard participants at the coming together did not express a similar business organisation with their systems. To zero in on what appeared to be Ryerson'due south specific arrangement surround, the library'southward Organisation Librarian called for a articulation meeting in June 2009 of all stakeholders – library system and Eastward-Reserve personnel, and CCS'due south front end and backend staff, including their manager. It was a much bigger meeting than the ane the E-Reserve librarian had convened a twelvemonth before. The meeting was very productive, generating diverse suggestions for cleaning up one-time files that were suspected of blocking the traffic. As well as storage for a large number of quondam courses whose materials were not existence used, repeating the content of different sections of the same course had added to the load of the Eastward-Reserve account. The recommendation was to add content to one course crush but and and then link to this binder from other similar courses. A short-term project was for the library to identify courses they no longer needed admission to, so that the academy's Blackboard administrator could remove the E-Reserve account from these courses. This would involve checking with the instructors to determine whether content was still needed. A long term project was to remove the E-Reserve account from the disabled courses. The library technician could, at her discretion, remove the old class binder from the E-Reserve display or copy/move the existing content to a new course folder. A test account would be used to monitor the course removal and binder clean up within the E-Reserve business relationship. The Blackboard ambassador would also check the new Blackboard release for any changes in e-reserve protocol. All this may sound like simple housekeeping routines but a number of issues were considered, including the potential look-up and re-utilise of materials for future courses. What this incident demonstrated was the importance of cross-departmental collaboration and the involvement of all levels of staff from relevant areas. Due east-Reserve came to realize that it should non leap to the determination that the Blackboard system was at fault, without first diagnosing the environment inside which the system was operating. East-Reserve could not rely solely on its own perception and explanation of issues without consulting other similar operations or system expertise beyond the library.

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A survey of incentive mechanisms in static and mobile P2P systems

Fatima Lamia Haddi , Mahfoud Benchaïba , in Periodical of Network and Computer Applications, 2015

4.2.3 Reputation-based

Incentive mechanisms without trust could induce bad behavior of users while a trust mechanism without incentives would face no enthusiasm from peers (Yang et al., 2007 ): authors propose a trust based incentive mechanism that gives downloading priority to peers with high reputations. Observed operations that heighten the reputation value of a peer are uploading files, voting on files quality, ranking peers and deleting faux files.

Anceaume et al. (2005) propose a middleware of four components to stimulate off-white cooperation. A peer that joins the system shares resource it is willing to contribute. The registration service assigns the newcomer a strong identity, an initial access level and supervisors for its resources. The stiff identity avoids whitewashing while the access level reflects the portion of resource the peer can admission. The aggregation service computes the admission level and the participation level of a peer: access level and participation level evolves proportionally. Participation level increases when the peer responds to a query and decreases if it forwards a query while it should respond to it. In club to increase fairness in access to rewards, when two peers can respond to a query, the ane with the smallest participation level has responding priority and thus gets the take a chance to improve its participation level. Semantic grouping membership service groups peers that share at least 1 resource of the type of other peers in the same grouping. A trusted peer supervises groups and requests of a peer are answered within the same semantic group. The tracking service tracks peers whose suspicion level reaches a threshold: they are prioritized for responding to asking. If a tracked provider does not respond to a request after a time-out, the requester notifies it as a freerider to the tracking service with a truth probability equal to the access level of the requester. Peers also notify the upshot of their transactions to this service. When participation level increases, suspicion level decreases. Authors exercise non consider trust bug and data misreporting.

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Analysis of approaches to structured data on the web

Sandi Pohorec , ... Peter Kokol , in Estimator Standards & Interfaces, 2013

4 Note of content on semantic web

The concept of semantic spider web requires the content to be annotated semantically. Several approaches have been proposed in contempo years: Simple HTML Ontology Extensions—SHOE [20] (1996), RDF/XML in/linked from HTML (1998), Microformats [vii] (2003) and eRDF (2005). Currently there are three approaches (that are used in a significant scale) to inline content note (structured data is located in the form of tags in HTML documents): Microformats, RDFa and Microdata.

4.1 Microformats

The Microformat initiative is based on the concept of evolution not revolution. It is an arroyo to encode structured information in standard XHTML [7]. "XHTML is a family of current and future certificate types and modules that reproduce, subset and extend HTML iv. XHTML family document types are XML based, and are ultimately designed to work in conjunction with XML-based user agents" [21]. Microformats build on the XHTML grade attribute system and use several existing elements to describe semi structured data (people, events). Underlying XHTML is based on XML and a similar concept is used for Microformats. The compound Microformats (e.g. hCard) are comprised of elemental Microformats (e.g. rel-nofollow).

Microformats take been designed for two reasons: (1) the inability of users to upload files on virtually blogging platforms and (2) the ability of HTML to encode some semantic information along with regular content [22]. The first reason is purely practical and information technology was intended as a means of independent enhancement of blogging platforms. The 2nd is the initiative to promote the use of semantic applied science, however express it may exist. The bones philosophy of Microformats can be presented in the post-obit key words: reduce (focus on a specific problem), reuse (work from previous noesis, reuse existing widely-adopted schemas), recycle (decentralize innovation by encouraging modularity and embeddability; XHTML enables embedding of Microformats in blog posts, Cantlet and RSS feeds …), presentable (human readable, semi-structured data should exist accessible and visible) and parsable (car readable).

One of the most widely used Microformats is the representation of a calendar. Common issues such as time zones, recurrences and locations have been solved in the iCalendar format (successor of vCalendar) [23] . The only problem with iCalendar (as seen by the authors of Microformats), besides it existence a car simply (not human) readable format, was that it was in the grade of an external file (.vcs). Most blogging platforms at the time did not allow uploading file attachments. An example of a vCalendar is presented in Instance 1. The same event in RDF is presented in Example 2. Equally we tin see the Microformat representation, shown in Example 3, allows for both human being and machine readability. Other Microformat specifications are listed in Tabular array i. Along with the finalized specifications, the Microformat initiative is working on several drafts: adr (address information), geo (geographic coordinates), hAtom (syndication of episodic content), hAudio (information well-nigh audio recordings), hListing (information on online listings), hMedia (media publishing—images, video and audio), hNews (extends hAtom, used for news content), hProduct (publishing and embedding product data), hRecipe (publishing and embedding recipes), hResume (publishing and embedding resumes and CVs), hReview (embedding reviews of products, services, etc.), rel-directory (indication that the destination of a hyperlink is a directory listing containing an entry for the current folio), rel=enclosure (indication that the destination of a hyperlink is to be downloaded and cached), rel=dwelling house (indication that the destination of a hyperlink is the homepage of the current page), rel-payment (indication that the destination of a hyperlink provides a manner to show or give support), robots exclusion (implementation of the Robots META tag equally a microformat) and xFolk (publishing collections of bookmarks).

Tabular array 1. List of finalized Microformat specifications.

Specification Description
hCalendar Calendar and outcome format, representation of standard iCalendar [23]
hCard Representation of vCard [25], for representing people, companies (organizations) and places
rel="license" Format for indicating content licenses
rel="nofollow" Used for voiding endorsement for the target content of a hyperlink
rel="tag" Designed for tagging content of the destination of a hyperlink
Vote Links Designed for the expression of back up, refrain or opposition
XFN Designed as a simple way to represent man relationships with the use of hyperlinks
XMDP XHTML Meta Data Profiles
XOXO Designed to serve as the footing for XHTML friendly outlines for processing (XML engines) and interactive rendering (browsers)

4.2 RDFa

RDFa provides a ready of XHTML attributes to facilitate machine readable data along with visual representation for human being use [8]. The abridgement stands for Resource Description Framework in attributes. The attributes refer to attributes of a general mark-upward language. In general RDFa is designed with the intention of representing an RDF graph in various document mark-up languages. Currently the specification merely refers to RDFa in XHTML [24]. Every bit represented in Table 2 RDFa both reuses existing attributes of XHTML also equally introduces new ones [24].

Table 2. XHTML attributes reused or introduced by RDFa.

Attribute Clarification Value
Reused attributes
@rel Expresses relationships between resource (predicate in RDF) List of meaty URIs
@rev Car readable content of a literal (predicate in RDF) String
@content Expresses the partner resource of a relationship (literal object in RDF) URI
@href Expresses the partner resource of a human relationship (resources object in RDF) URI
@src Expresses the embedded partner resources of a relationship (resource object in RDF) URI

New attributes (only for RDFa)
@about States what the information is about (subject in RDF) URI or safe compact URI
@holding Expresses relationship between a discipline and literal value(predicate in RDF) List of compact URIs
@resource Expresses a non "clickable" partner resources (object in RDF) URI or safety compact URI
@datatype Expresses the information blazon of a literal Safe meaty URI
@typeof Indicates RDF type that is associated with a subject area Listing of rubber meaty URI

Example 4 shows how an image is annotated with RDFa. The epitome is annotated with attributes representing its title and author. Both are in general ambiguous and are used to show how RDFa handles vocabularies. Since RDFa is only a method (unlike syntax) of exposing machine readable data it uses the aforementioned machinery of extensibility as RDF. All RDF vocabularies can be used in RDFa. Example 4 uses an existing vocabulary; Dublin Core (dc; vocabulary for the description of documents). The vocabulary is starting time imported so that the dc prefix is associated with the full name (dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.i").

4.3 Microdata

Microdata is some other machinery that allows motorcar-readable data to exist embedded in HTML documents [nine]. Microdata uses items which are collections of name–value pairs. Each proper noun–value pair is a property. An item is specified by the itemscope aspect. Instance five shows an item that presents the leading writer of a scientific paper forth with the information on when the paper was final revised. Another item presents how multiple properties with the aforementioned value are specified. This representation was selected to avoid duplication. Total list of Microdata attributes is represented in Table 3. Microdata encourages reuse of existing vocabularies although ad-hoc vocabularies can be created and used. Some of the normally used vocabularies include: Person, Production, Review and Issue.

Example ane

An event in vCalendar format.

Example 2

An effect in RDF Agenda format.

Example three

The same outcome in the hCalendar microformat.

Example 4

Example of RDFa in XHTML.

Instance 5

Instance of Microdata in HTML.

Tabular array 3. Microdata attributes.

Attribute Description
itemscope Introduces an item with ane or more properties
itemtype URL of the vocabulary used
itemid Unique identifier of the item
itemprop The value of holding, string or URL
itemref A reference to additional properties in other parts of the page

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